Packet #917135 Success

TRACEROUTE_APP packet from !ba0dd67c to Meshtastic f868 (f868)

3
Total Receptions
3
Unique Gateways
6
Hop Count
102
Payload Bytes
Packet Information
Database ID: 917135
Mesh Packet ID: 0x8445b019
Used for correlation across gateways
Timestamp: 2026-07-28 10:00:09 UTC
From Node: !ba0dd67c (d67c)
To Node: Meshtastic f868 (f868)
Success: Processed
Protocol: TRACEROUTE_APP
Port: 70
Gateway: Hazelwood Base (HWBS)
Channel: LongFast
RSSI: -125 dBm
SNR: -15.75 dBm
Hop Info: 6/7 hops
Start: 7, Limit: 1
Relay Node: 77
Last byte of the last hop that relayed this packet
Payload Data
Protocol: TRACEROUTE_APP
Size: 102 bytes
Decoded: Yes
Decoded Data:
Route Information
Route Path: Meshtastic 6312 (6312) → DEMesh NCRPTR 4038 (DN4) → NTS Solar Repeater #3 (NTS3) → Meshtastic 8810 (NtSq) → BM-RELAY (BM-) → s ardmore park (sard) → Hazelwood Base (HWBS)
Hop Count: 6 hops
Status: Incomplete - Final destination not reached
SNR Towards: -11.5 dB -12.75 dB -15.25 dB -10.0 dB -16.75 dB -19.5 dB -15.75 dB
Route Visualization

Loading route map...

Map shows the geographic path if nodes have shared location data.
Traceroute Steps
Hop From Node To Node Distance SNR (dB) Direction Analysis
1 !ba0dd67c Meshtastic 6312 (6312) Unknown -11.5 dB Origin Hops
2 Meshtastic 6312 (6312) DEMesh NCRPTR 4038 (DN4) Unknown -12.75 dB Relay Hops
3 DEMesh NCRPTR 4038 (DN4) NTS Solar Repeater #3 (NTS3) Unknown -15.25 dB Relay Hops
4 NTS Solar Repeater #3 (NTS3) Meshtastic 8810 (NtSq) Unknown -10.0 dB Relay Hops
5 Meshtastic 8810 (NtSq) BM-RELAY (BM-) 8.73 km -16.75 dB Relay Hops
6 BM-RELAY (BM-) s ardmore park (sard) 5.83 km -19.5 dB Relay Hops
7 s ardmore park (sard) Hazelwood Base (HWBS) 2.26 km -15.75 dB Relay Hops
Traceroute incomplete - Final destination not reached
Total Forward Distance
16.81 km
Combined Traceroute Graph
Controls: Drag nodes to rearrange • Mouse wheel to zoom • Click and drag background to pan • Hover for details

Building graph...

Legend & Paths
Nodes
🔄 Router Node
📡 Gateway Node
🚀 Source Node
🎯 Target Node
Connections
RF Link
Gateway Connection
Direct Reception (0 hops)
Packet Paths
Loading paths...
Raw Packet Analysis
Complete field breakdown and MQTT privacy/exposure analysis
Packet Structure
MQTT Packet Flow:
ServiceEnvelope (MQTT layer) → MeshPacket (Mesh layer) → Decoded Payload (Application data)
Total Size:102 bytes
Gateway:!4358edf4
Channel:LongFast
Payload Type:TRACEROUTE_APP
Hop Count:6 / 7
Privacy Summary
Exposure Level:
Direct Message
Privacy Features:
✓ Direct LoRa transmission (not via MQTT)
✓ Acknowledgment requested
+ 2 more...
Exposure Risks:
⚠ Default channel - no encryption
⚠ Packet visible to MQTT subscribers
+ 2 more...
MQTT ServiceEnvelope Fields

FieldValue
gateway_id !4358edf4
Node ID format
channel_id LongFast
Default public channel
packet MeshPacket (102 bytes)
Contains the actual mesh network packet
MeshPacket Fields

Canonical MeshPacket view reconstructed from stored protobuf bytes.

FieldValueType
from 3121469052
Source node ID 		uint32
to 1439168616
Target node ID 		uint32
decoded.portnum TRACEROUTE_APP
TRACEROUTE_APP 		enum
decoded.payload_length 102 bytes size
hop_limit 1
Remaining hops allowed 		uint32
hop_start 7
Initial hop limit 		uint32
hops_taken 6
Calculated: hop_start - hop_limit 		derived
rx_rssi -125.0 dBm
Signal strength at gateway 		int32
rx_snr -15.75 dB
Signal quality at gateway 		float
rx_time Not set fixed32
via_mqtt False
Direct LoRa transmission 		bool
want_ack True
Acknowledgment requested 		bool
priority Not set enum
delayed Not set enum
channel 8
Channel index 		uint32
pki_encrypted False
Standard encryption 		bool
next_hop Not set uint32
relay_node 119
Relay node ID 		uint32
tx_after Not set uint32
timestamp Not set uint32
MQTT Privacy & Exposure Analysis

Analysis of privacy features and exposure risks when packet is shared via MQTT

Exposure Level: Direct Message
Privacy Features:
  • ✓ Direct LoRa transmission (not via MQTT)
  • ✓ Acknowledgment requested
  • ✓ Targeted to specific node
  • ✓ Gateway node ID tracked
Exposure Risks:
  • ⚠ Default channel - no encryption
  • ⚠ Packet visible to MQTT subscribers
  • ⚠ Multi-hop path visible (6 hops)
  • ⚠ RF signal metrics exposed (location inference possible)
MQTT-Specific Fields
Want ack: True
Gateway ID: !4358edf4
Signal Metrics: RSSI: -125.0 dBm
SNR: -15.75 dB
Complete Payload Analysis

Detailed breakdown of all payload fields and decoded data

Payload Metadata:
Protocol:TRACEROUTE_APP
Size:102 bytes
Decoded: Yes
Complete Payload Data (JSON):
{ "route_nodes": [ 3162202898, 2733326392, 717269928, 2997323792, 4083186324, 2085527159, 1129901556 ], "snr_towards": [ -11.5, -12.75, -15.25, -10.0, -16.75, -19.5, -15.75 ], "route_back": [], "snr_back": [], "route_node_names": { "717269928": "NTS Solar Repeater #3 (NTS3)", "1439168616": "Meshtastic f868 (f868)", "2997323792": "Meshtastic 8810 (NtSq)", "3162202898": "Meshtastic 6312 (6312)", "4083186324": "BM-RELAY (BM-)", "1129901556": "Hazelwood Base (HWBS)", "2085527159": "s ardmore park (sard)", "2733326392": "DEMesh NCRPTR 4038 (DN4)", "3121469052": "!ba0dd67c" }, "traceroute_packet": { "packet_data": { "id": 917135, "timestamp": 1785232809.7044957, "from_node_id": 3121469052, "to_node_id": 1439168616, "portnum": 70, "portnum_name": "TRACEROUTE_APP", "gateway_id": "!4358edf4", "channel_id": "LongFast", "mesh_packet_id": 2219159577, "rssi": -125, "snr": -15.75, "hop_limit": 1, "hop_start": 7, "payload_length": 102, "processed_successfully": 1, "raw_payload": "0a1c12637bbc3840eba2a8abc02a1088a7b2947a60f3779e4e7cf4ed58431246d2ffffffffffffffff01cdffffffffffffffff01c3ffffffffffffffff01d8ffffffffffffffff01bdffffffffffffffff01b2ffffffffffffffff01c1ffffffffffffffff01", "via_mqtt": 0, "want_ack": 1, "priority": 0, "delayed": 0, "channel_index": null, "rx_time": 0, "pki_encrypted": 0, "next_hop": 0, "relay_node": 119, "tx_after": 0, "raw_service_envelope": "0aa2010d7cd60dba1568f8c75518082a739e1f02ed060a18a59a6f4212971a55f8e9671fd40b9521ddceceea77875246165f49eb970f0cd8a574401711cec533ee7085665bcc5e30b73a86de6574f393f915f89847acd53d6a40489169af023e76fd70b592071848eb7f809b1d82d7482eca7f8668f71d24c916e481d10d764c80fde7063519b045844500007cc1480150016083ffffffffffffffff017807980177a8010112084c6f6e67466173741a09213433353865646634", "timestamp_str": "2026-07-28 10:00:09 UTC", "hop_count": 6, "has_payload": true, "success": 1, "from_node_name": "!ba0dd67c", "to_node_name": "Meshtastic f868 (f868)", "relay_hex": "77", "relay_candidates": [], "gateway_name": "Hazelwood Base (HWBS)", "gateway_location": { "node_id": 1129901556, "latitude": 39.9966208, "longitude": -75.3074176, "altitude": 103, "timestamp": 1783096033.3812008, "timestamp_str": "2026-07-03 16:27:13", "display_name": "Hazelwood Base", "long_name": "Hazelwood Base", "short_name": "HWBS", "hw_model": "HELTEC_V3" } }, "resolve_names": true, "packet_id": 917135, "from_node_id": 3121469052, "to_node_id": 1439168616, "timestamp": 1785232809.7044957, "gateway_id": "!4358edf4", "raw_payload": "0a1c12637bbc3840eba2a8abc02a1088a7b2947a60f3779e4e7cf4ed58431246d2ffffffffffffffff01cdffffffffffffffff01c3ffffffffffffffff01d8ffffffffffffffff01bdffffffffffffffff01b2ffffffffffffffff01c1ffffffffffffffff01", "hop_limit": 1, "hop_start": 7, "from_node_name": "!ba0dd67c", "to_node_name": "!55c7f868", "route_data": { "route_nodes": [ 3162202898, 2733326392, 717269928, 2997323792, 4083186324, 2085527159, 1129901556 ], "snr_towards": [ -11.5, -12.75, -15.25, -10.0, -16.75, -19.5, -15.75 ], "route_back": [], "snr_back": [] }, "forward_path": { "path_type": "forward", "node_ids": [ 3121469052, 3162202898, 2733326392, 717269928, 2997323792, 4083186324, 2085527159, 1129901556 ], "node_names": [ "!ba0dd67c", "Meshtastic 6312 (6312)", "DEMesh NCRPTR 4038 (DN4)", "NTS Solar Repeater #3 (NTS3)", "Meshtastic 8810 (NtSq)", "BM-RELAY (BM-)", "s ardmore park (sard)", "Hazelwood Base (HWBS)" ], "snr_values": [ -11.5, -12.75, -15.25, -10.0, -16.75, -19.5, -15.75 ], "hops": [ { "hop_number": 1, "from_node_id": 3121469052, "to_node_id": 3162202898, "from_node_name": "!ba0dd67c", "to_node_name": "Meshtastic 6312 (6312)", "snr": -11.5, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 2, "from_node_id": 3162202898, "to_node_id": 2733326392, "from_node_name": "Meshtastic 6312 (6312)", "to_node_name": "DEMesh NCRPTR 4038 (DN4)", "snr": -12.75, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 3, "from_node_id": 2733326392, "to_node_id": 717269928, "from_node_name": "DEMesh NCRPTR 4038 (DN4)", "to_node_name": "NTS Solar Repeater #3 (NTS3)", "snr": -15.25, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 4, "from_node_id": 717269928, "to_node_id": 2997323792, "from_node_name": "NTS Solar Repeater #3 (NTS3)", "to_node_name": "Meshtastic 8810 (NtSq)", "snr": -10.0, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 5, "from_node_id": 2997323792, "to_node_id": 4083186324, "from_node_name": "Meshtastic 8810 (NtSq)", "to_node_name": "BM-RELAY (BM-)", "snr": -16.75, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": 8728.655586463734, "from_location_timestamp": 1785179027.2916973, "to_location_timestamp": 1785175117.53185, "from_location_age_warning": "from 14.9h ago", "to_location_age_warning": "from 16.0h ago" }, { "hop_number": 6, "from_node_id": 4083186324, "to_node_id": 2085527159, "from_node_name": "BM-RELAY (BM-)", "to_node_name": "s ardmore park (sard)", "snr": -19.5, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": 5829.816570062969, "from_location_timestamp": 1785175117.53185, "to_location_timestamp": 1785202718.390179, "from_location_age_warning": "from 16.0h ago", "to_location_age_warning": "from 8.4h ago" }, { "hop_number": 7, "from_node_id": 2085527159, "to_node_id": 1129901556, "from_node_name": "s ardmore park (sard)", "to_node_name": "Hazelwood Base (HWBS)", "snr": -15.75, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": 2256.3549735670244, "from_location_timestamp": 1785202718.390179, "to_location_timestamp": 1783096033.3812008, "from_location_age_warning": "from 8.4h ago", "to_location_age_warning": "from 3.5w ago" } ], "is_complete": false, "total_hops": 7 }, "return_path": null, "actual_rf_path": { "path_type": "forward_rf", "node_ids": [ 3121469052, 3162202898, 2733326392, 717269928, 2997323792, 4083186324, 2085527159, 1129901556 ], "node_names": [ "!ba0dd67c", "Meshtastic 6312 (6312)", "DEMesh NCRPTR 4038 (DN4)", "NTS Solar Repeater #3 (NTS3)", "Meshtastic 8810 (NtSq)", "BM-RELAY (BM-)", "s ardmore park (sard)", "Hazelwood Base (HWBS)" ], "snr_values": [ -11.5, -12.75, -15.25, -10.0, -16.75, -19.5, -15.75 ], "hops": [ { "hop_number": 1, "from_node_id": 3121469052, "to_node_id": 3162202898, "from_node_name": "!ba0dd67c", "to_node_name": "Meshtastic 6312 (6312)", "snr": -11.5, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 2, "from_node_id": 3162202898, "to_node_id": 2733326392, "from_node_name": "Meshtastic 6312 (6312)", "to_node_name": "DEMesh NCRPTR 4038 (DN4)", "snr": -12.75, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 3, "from_node_id": 2733326392, "to_node_id": 717269928, "from_node_name": "DEMesh NCRPTR 4038 (DN4)", "to_node_name": "NTS Solar Repeater #3 (NTS3)", "snr": -15.25, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 4, "from_node_id": 717269928, "to_node_id": 2997323792, "from_node_name": "NTS Solar Repeater #3 (NTS3)", "to_node_name": "Meshtastic 8810 (NtSq)", "snr": -10.0, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 5, "from_node_id": 2997323792, "to_node_id": 4083186324, "from_node_name": "Meshtastic 8810 (NtSq)", "to_node_name": "BM-RELAY (BM-)", "snr": -16.75, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": 8728.655586463734, "from_location_timestamp": 1785179027.2916973, "to_location_timestamp": 1785175117.53185, "from_location_age_warning": "from 14.9h ago", "to_location_age_warning": "from 16.0h ago" }, { "hop_number": 6, "from_node_id": 4083186324, "to_node_id": 2085527159, "from_node_name": "BM-RELAY (BM-)", "to_node_name": "s ardmore park (sard)", "snr": -19.5, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": 5829.816570062969, "from_location_timestamp": 1785175117.53185, "to_location_timestamp": 1785202718.390179, "from_location_age_warning": "from 16.0h ago", "to_location_age_warning": "from 8.4h ago" }, { "hop_number": 7, "from_node_id": 2085527159, "to_node_id": 1129901556, "from_node_name": "s ardmore park (sard)", "to_node_name": "Hazelwood Base (HWBS)", "snr": -15.75, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": 2256.3549735670244, "from_location_timestamp": 1785202718.390179, "to_location_timestamp": 1783096033.3812008, "from_location_age_warning": "from 8.4h ago", "to_location_age_warning": "from 3.5w ago" } ], "is_complete": false, "total_hops": 7 } }, "has_return_path": false, "is_complete": false, "forward_path_display": "!ba0dd67c → Meshtastic 6312 (6312) → DEMesh NCRPTR 4038 (DN4) → NTS Solar Repeater #3 (NTS3) → Meshtastic 8810 (NtSq) → BM-RELAY (BM-) → s ardmore park (sard) → Hazelwood Base (HWBS)", "return_path_display": null, "actual_rf_path_display": "!ba0dd67c → Meshtastic 6312 (6312) → DEMesh NCRPTR 4038 (DN4) → NTS Solar Repeater #3 (NTS3) → Meshtastic 8810 (NtSq) → BM-RELAY (BM-) → s ardmore park (sard) → Hazelwood Base (HWBS)", "forward_hops": [ { "hop_number": 1, "from_node_id": 3121469052, "to_node_id": 3162202898, "from_node_name": "!ba0dd67c", "to_node_name": "Meshtastic 6312 (6312)", "snr": -11.5, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 2, "from_node_id": 3162202898, "to_node_id": 2733326392, "from_node_name": "Meshtastic 6312 (6312)", "to_node_name": "DEMesh NCRPTR 4038 (DN4)", "snr": -12.75, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 3, "from_node_id": 2733326392, "to_node_id": 717269928, "from_node_name": "DEMesh NCRPTR 4038 (DN4)", "to_node_name": "NTS Solar Repeater #3 (NTS3)", "snr": -15.25, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 4, "from_node_id": 717269928, "to_node_id": 2997323792, "from_node_name": "NTS Solar Repeater #3 (NTS3)", "to_node_name": "Meshtastic 8810 (NtSq)", "snr": -10.0, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 5, "from_node_id": 2997323792, "to_node_id": 4083186324, "from_node_name": "Meshtastic 8810 (NtSq)", "to_node_name": "BM-RELAY (BM-)", "snr": -16.75, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": 8728.655586463734, "from_location_timestamp": 1785179027.2916973, "to_location_timestamp": 1785175117.53185, "from_location_age_warning": "from 14.9h ago", "to_location_age_warning": "from 16.0h ago" }, { "hop_number": 6, "from_node_id": 4083186324, "to_node_id": 2085527159, "from_node_name": "BM-RELAY (BM-)", "to_node_name": "s ardmore park (sard)", "snr": -19.5, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": 5829.816570062969, "from_location_timestamp": 1785175117.53185, "to_location_timestamp": 1785202718.390179, "from_location_age_warning": "from 16.0h ago", "to_location_age_warning": "from 8.4h ago" }, { "hop_number": 7, "from_node_id": 2085527159, "to_node_id": 1129901556, "from_node_name": "s ardmore park (sard)", "to_node_name": "Hazelwood Base (HWBS)", "snr": -15.75, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": 2256.3549735670244, "from_location_timestamp": 1785202718.390179, "to_location_timestamp": 1783096033.3812008, "from_location_age_warning": "from 8.4h ago", "to_location_age_warning": "from 3.5w ago" } ], "return_hops": [], "total_forward_distance": 16814.827130093727, "total_return_distance": null }
Complete Protobuf Decode (JSON)
{ "service_envelope": { "packet": { "from": 3121469052, "to": 1439168616, "channel": 8, "decoded": { "portnum": "TRACEROUTE_APP", "payload": "ChwSY3u8OEDroqirwCoQiKeylHpg83eeTnz07VhDEkbS//////////8Bzf//////////AcP//////////wHY//////////8Bvf//////////AbL//////////wHB//////////8B", "want_response": true, "dest": 1439168616, "bitfield": 3 }, "id": 2219159577, "rx_snr": -15.75, "hop_limit": 1, "want_ack": true, "rx_rssi": -125, "hop_start": 7, "relay_node": 119, "transport_mechanism": "TRANSPORT_LORA" }, "channel_id": "LongFast", "gateway_id": "!4358edf4" }, "mesh_packet": { "from": 3121469052, "to": 1439168616, "channel": 8, "decoded": { "portnum": "TRACEROUTE_APP", "payload": "ChwSY3u8OEDroqirwCoQiKeylHpg83eeTnz07VhDEkbS//////////8Bzf//////////AcP//////////wHY//////////8Bvf//////////AbL//////////wHB//////////8B", "want_response": true, "dest": 1439168616, "bitfield": 3, "parsed_payload": { "route": [ 3162202898, 2733326392, 717269928, 2997323792, 4083186324, 2085527159, 1129901556 ], "snr_towards": [ -46, -51, -61, -40, -67, -78, -63 ], "type": "protobuf", "portnum": "TRACEROUTE_APP", "message_class": "RouteDiscovery" } }, "id": 2219159577, "rx_snr": -15.75, "hop_limit": 1, "want_ack": true, "rx_rssi": -125, "hop_start": 7, "relay_node": 119, "transport_mechanism": "TRANSPORT_LORA" } }
Raw Packet Data (102 bytes)
0a1c12637bbc3840eba2a8abc02a1088a7b2947a60f3779e4e7cf4ed58431246d2ffffffffffffffff01cdffffffffffffffff01c3ffffffffffffffff01d8ffffffffffffffff01bdffffffffffffffff01b2ffffffffffffffff01c1ffffffffffffffff01
Hex Analysis:
Size:102 bytes
Format:Protobuf (Protocol Buffers)
Encoding:Binary with varint and length-delimited fields
This is the raw protobuf-encoded payload as received from MQTT. The structure follows the Meshtastic protobuf schema definitions.
All Receptions
All gateways that received this packet
Correlation: Using Mesh Packet ID
Reception Locations

Loading reception map...

Map shows gateway locations that received this packet. Hop counts are displayed if available.
Gateway Time Offset RSSI SNR Hops Relay Channel Timestamp Actions
Hazelwood Base (HWBS) Primary 0.000s
Reference 		-125.0 dBm -15.75 dB 6 77 LongFast 2026-07-28 10:00:09 UTC Current
3 hops Gateways that received this packet after 3 hops
Meshtastic Point Breeze (ASAP) +1.809s
After 		-116.0 dBm -15.00 dB 3 a3 HAM1 LongFast 2026-07-28 10:00:11 UTC View
Meshtastic 8810 (NtSq) -5.911s
Before 		-108.0 dBm -10.00 dB 3 - LongFast 2026-07-28 10:00:03 UTC View
3

Total Receptions

3

Unique Gateways